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Specimen Ridge
Specimen Ridge, el. is an approximately ridge along the south rim of the Lamar Valley in Yellowstone National Park. The ridge separates the Lamar Valley from Mirror Plateau. The ridge is oriented northwest to southeast from the Tower Junction area to Amethyst Mountain. The ridge is known for its abundance of amethyst, opal and petrified wood. It was referred to as ''Specimen Mountain'' by local miners and was probably named by prospectors well before 1870.〔Whittlesey, Lee (1988) ''Yellowstone Place Names.'' Montana Historical Society Press, Helena, Montana. 145 pp. ISBN 0-917298-15-2〕 The south side of the ridge is traversed by the Specimen Ridge Trail between Tower Junction and Soda Butte Creek. The trail passes through the Petrified Forest〔Knowlton, F. H. (1914) (''The Fossil Forests of Yellowstone National Park.'' ) National Park Service, Department of the Interior, Office of the Secretary, Wasignton DC. 31 pp. Last accessed September 23, 2013.〕 and over the summit of Amethyst Mountain el. .〔Schneider, Bill (2003) ''Hiking Yellowstone National Park.'' Falcon Press, Guilford, Connecticut. 101 pp. ISBN 0-7627-2539-7 (pp. 199–202)〕
==Geology==
Specimen Ridge consists of a geological formation known as the Lamar River Formation. Within the Specimen Mountain area, it consists predominantly of an undetermined thickness of conglomerate that is interbedded with lesser proportions of tuffaceous sandstone and siltstone. Volcanic breccia is absent. The conglomerates consist of a mixture of mudflow deposits (lahars) that are complexly interlayered with braided and meandering stream deposits. The lahar (mudflow) deposits consist of normally massive and structureless, matrix-supported conglomerates that contain subangular, poorly sorted gravel that range in size from to in diameter. The majority of the sediments consist of well-bedded, clast-supported fluvial conglomerates that consist of grain-supported, subrounded, and moderately well-sorted gravel that typically ranges in size from to . The vast majority of petrified wood occurs within the conglomerates. The fossil leaves, needles, pollen, and cones are largely found within tuffaceous sandstones and siltstones that were deposited either along the banks of either braided or meandering rivers, within their abandoned channels, or in shallow lakes of very limited extent. At Specimen Ridge, these sediments consist of volcanic material eroded from and accumulated downslope of an adjacent Eocene stratovolcano, known the 'Washburn Volcano', in an intermountaine basin. The Lamar River Formation is part of the Washburn Group.〔Fritz, WJ (1980a) ''Depositional Environment of the Eocene Lamar River Formation in Yellowstone National Park.'' Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana.〕〔Fritz, WJ (1980b) ''Stratigraphic framework of the Lamar River formation in Yellowstone National Park.'' Northwest Geology. vol. 9, pp. 1-18.,〕〔Fritz, WJ (1981) ''Reinterpretation of the depositional environment of the Yellowstone fossil forests: Reply.'' Geology. 9(2):53-54.〕〔Fritz, WJ (1982) ''Geology of the Lamar River Formation, northeast Yellowstone National Park.'' In SG Reid and DJ Foote, eds., pp. 73-101, Geology of Yellowstone Park Area. Wyoming Geological Association Guidebook, 33rd Annual Field Conference, 1982, Wyoming Geological Association, Casper, Wyoming.〕〔Feeley, TC, MA Cosca, MA and CR Lindsay (2002) ''Petrogenesis and implications of calc-alkaline cryptic hybrid magmas from Washburn Volcano, Absaroka Volcanic Province, USA.'' Journal of Petrology. 43(4):663-703.〕
The Lamar River Formation is part of the Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup. It is a thick accumulation of volcanic rocks that were either erupted from or eroded from the slopes of two belts of Eocene stratovolcanoes. These rocks accumulated within an intermountain basin between these belts. Before they were destroyed by erosion, these volcanoes are estimated to have had peaks that rose about to above adjacent intermountain valleys. Depending on location, the Lamar River Formation unconformably overlies either older lavas, conglomerates, tuffs, volcanic breccias of the Sepulcher Formation; Mississippian limestones and dolomites; or Precambrian gneiss. Based on radiometric dates and plant fossils from it, the Lamar River Formation is considered to be of Middle Eocene age.〔〔Smedes, HW, and HJ Prostka, 1972, (''Stratigraphic framework of the Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup in the Yellowstone National Park region.'' ) Professional Paper no. 729-C, U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. 33 pp.〕
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